[citation needed], Following Husayn's death, Yazid faced increased opposition to his rule from Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. Husayn, Jafri asserts, was from the start aiming for martyrdom in order to jolt the collective conscience of the Muslim community and reveal what he considers to be the oppressive and anti-Islamic nature of the Umayyad regime. [70] The defeat of the Tawwabin left the leadership of the Kufan pro-Alids in his hands. [102] The impact on Shi'a Islam has been much deeper. [42], Since Umayyad forces could approach Husayn's army from the front only, Ibn Sa'd ordered the tents to be burned. [95] Fred Donner, G. R. Hawting, and Hugh N. Kennedy see Husayn's revolt as an attempt to regain what his brother Hasan had renounced. [167] The genre of marthiya (poems in the memory of the dead, with popular forms of Karbala related marthiya being rawda and nawha),[168] according to Persian scholar Wheeler Thackston, "was particularly cultivated by the Safavids. He followed and threatened some of them with death, but they still refused to support him. [155] Urdu poet Ghalib compares Husayn's suffering with that of Mansur al-Hallaj, a tenth century Sufi, who was executed on a charge of claiming divinity. According to Madelung, these reports are probably untrue as Husayn at this stage is unlikely to have considered submitting to Yazid. Sunni Muslims likewise regard the incident as a historical tragedy; Husayn and his companions are widely regarded as martyrs by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. [33], He then showed them the letters he had received from the Kufans, including some in Hurr's force. Shiʿi Muslims across the world observe the 10th of Muḥarram as a day of public mourning; some perform dramas (called taʿziyyah in Arabic), similar to Christian passion plays, which commemorate the events at Karbala. [44][46], Seventy or seventy-two people died on Husayn's side, of whom about twenty were descendants of Abu Talib, the father of Ali. [37] Husayn told his men that they were all free to leave, with his family, under the cover of night, since their opponents only wanted him. After crushing the rebellion, Mukhtar executed Kufans involved in the killing of Husayn, including Ibn Sa'd and Shemr, while thousands of people fled to Basra. Husayn answered the summons but declined to pledge allegiance in the secretive environment of the meeting, suggesting it should be done in public. The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of Yazid I's demand for allegiance to his caliphate. [60] Nevertheless, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, his erstwhile ally, took over Kufa and most of Iraq from Ibn al-Zubayr's governor,[61] and Kharijites in Basra, Persia and Arabia weakened his authority. [4] In the treaty, Hasan was to hand over power to Mu'awiya on the condition that Mu'awiya be a just ruler and that he would not establish a dynasty. [38] Husayn's companions, according to most accounts, numbered thirty-two horsemen and forty infantrymen; although forty-five horsemen and one hundred foot-soldiers, or a total of a few hundred men have been reported by some sources. Nevertheless, he did not prevent four Kufans from joining Husayn. Husayn's son Ali Akbar was killed; then Husayn's half-brothers, including Abbas,[43] and the sons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib, Jafar ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali were slain. [178] He too sees Husayn's death as a sacrifice made in the path of God, and condemns Yazid as being bereft of divine love. [44] Later, he was surrounded and struck on the head by Malik ibn Nusayr. Hussein left Mecca with his family and supporters, but was met at Karbala by an army sent by the Umayyad caliph Yazid. In this regard, Karbala and Muharram rituals came to be a vehicle of Safavid propaganda and a means of consolidating the dynasty's Shi'a identity. Rukan Ujaili. The Karbala Gap is a 20–25-mile wide strip of land with the Euphrates River to the east and Lake Razazah to the west. On his return to Damascus, he secured allegiance from the people of Medina as well. As a minority in the Islamic community, the Shiʿah faced much persecution and, according to Shiʿi doctrine, offered up many martyrs over…, …killed by Umayyad forces at Karbala, now also in Iraq, in October 680.…. [4] Following the battle, Husayn's clothes were stripped, and his sword, shoes and baggage were taken. [111] In these gatherings the story of Karbala is narrated and various elegies (rawda) are recited by professional reciters (rawda khwan). [169][126] Kashefi's composition was an effective factor in the development of rawda khwani, a ritual recounting of the battle events in majalis. Several conflicting terms of the treaty have been reported. In November 684, the Tawwabin left to confront the Umayyads, after mourning for a day at Husayn's grave in Karbala. These events precipitated the First Fitna (First Muslim Civil War). He put a cap on his head and wrapped a turban around it to staunch the bleeding. The Hashimiyya, a splinter group of the Kaysanites, was later taken over by the Abbasids and eventually overthrew the Umayyads in 750. Walid sought the advice of his Umayyad relative Marwan ibn al-Hakam, who suggested that Ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn should be forced to pledge allegiance as they were dangerous, while Ibn Umar should be left alone since he posed no threat.
[40], After Husayn's speech, Zuhayr ibn Qayn attempted to dissuade Ibn Sa'd's soldiers from killing Husayn, but in vain. "[95], Husayn's death at Karbala is believed by Shi'as to be a sacrifice made to prevent the corruption of Islam by tyrannical rulers and to protect its ideology. 159–160), Leiden (No. Husayn refused, stating that he did not want to start the hostilities. Similarly, Husayn's mother Fatima is believed to be weeping for him in paradise and the weeping of believers is considered to be a way of sharing her sorrows. [138], Karbala and Shi'a symbolism played a significant role in the Iranian Revolution of 1979. Negotiations failed after the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad refused Husayn safe passage without submitting to his authority, a condition declined by Husayn. [57] Yazid invited the notables of Medina to Damascus and tried to win them over with gifts. He fell on the ground face-down and an attacker named Sinan ibn Anas stabbed and then decapitated him. Find the perfect battle of karbala stock photo. Husayn appointed Zuhayr ibn Qayn to command the right flank of his army, Habib ibn Muzahir to command the left flank, and his half-brother Abbas as the standard bearer.
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